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青光眼來襲,多數沒自覺!正確診斷不只測眼壓,眼科醫師圖文解說
青光眼的病因有許多種,因此表現也十分多樣化,但它們又會造成近似的視神經傷害與視野變化,因此被歸類在「青光眼」的診斷。臺大醫院青光眼科主任王清泓醫師提醒,多數青光眼病人是沒有自覺症狀,唯有靠定期的眼科檢查,才能早期發現。
眼壓會變動,每個人都不太一樣
王清泓主任說明,眼壓是青光眼重要的風險因子,它的高低會影響青光眼是否會持續惡化,因此眼壓測量是青光眼檢查的重要項目之一。眼壓值要多少才正常呢?簡單來說,臺灣人正常眼壓值約在10 到20毫米汞柱間,但是有一群人,他們的眼壓高於20毫米汞柱,可是其中90%的人,可能一輩子都不會發展成青光眼。這些人我們稱之為「高眼壓症」;相反的,另一群眼壓都在正常範圍內的人,他們的視神經、視覺功能卻一直惡化。有人稱這些人是「正常眼壓或低眼壓性青光眼」。
由此可以知道沒有一個放諸四海皆準的眼壓正常值,因為每個人視神經可以承受的壓力是不一樣的,病人也不需要因為今天的眼壓比上次高些,而心驚膽跳,寢食難安;但也不可以因為眼壓在正常範圍而輕忽了治療的必要性,更不要透過參考他人眼壓來揣測自己的病情。
王清泓主任表示,目前使用的眼壓測量方法,都是透過角膜(黑眼球的部份)測得,角膜的厚薄會影響眼壓的測量。角膜較厚,測出來的眼壓可能會被高估;反之角膜很薄,測出來的眼壓可能被低估。接受過雷射近視手術的病人,因為角膜厚度被削薄,眼壓測量值可能會被低估,因而降低病人及醫師對青光眼的警覺。
另外眼壓也會有晝夜變化,每個人的生理曲線都有所不同,在門診時間所測量的眼壓,往往不是病人最高的眼壓,因此病人要了解,眼壓高低只是評估青光眼的一個重要風險因素,必須合併其他病情,才能做出正確的診斷與治療。
青光眼可能導致視神經盤的凹陷擴大
王清泓主任提到,視神經聯繫眼睛內的網膜神經節細胞和大腦視覺中樞,視神經纖維成束聚集後,穿出位於眼球最後部的開口,而奔往大腦傳達訊息,這個眼球後部的開口就是我們所稱的視神經盤。沒有被神經纖維填滿留下的視神經盤空間我們稱之為視神經杯,或視神經凹陷。
不論是正常人或視神經有異常的人,絕大多數的人視神經盤都有凹陷,但是青光眼病人視神經盤的凹陷,會隨病情而增大或表現出特有變化。經驗豐富的眼科醫師用眼底鏡及細隙燈生體顯微鏡檢查,多數就可以篩選出青光眼的可疑病人,要更進一步確定,可以利用眼底攝影和近十年來發展的定量測量視神經纖維儀器。
進行視野檢查評估視野缺損
王清泓主任解釋,青光眼病人的神經細胞要損失40%以上,才會出現視野變化,多數視野缺損是從週邊先發展出來,再慢慢侵犯到中心,最後危及視力。因此病人自己不容易早期察覺,何況兩眼視野有相當大部分互相重疊,當只有一眼有問題時,更不容易自己發現,只能依賴眼科定期檢查,才能早期發現。
視野檢查只是青光眼追縱和治療的一部份,並不是青光眼最找早期的診斷方法,但是它協助醫師對病情基礎的建立,判斷是否惡化,擬訂或修改治療方針方面,還是很重要,並可幫助和其他疾病並作鑑別診斷。
王清泓主任補充道,我們也稱青光眼是一首三部曲,先有視神經病變,再導致視野變化,最後才造成視力的衰退及失明。因為視神經是青光眼最早有變化的部分,所以觀察視神經的變化就是診斷青光眼最重要的步驟。而長期追蹤時,視神經、視野、視力的檢查各具有不同重要性,要看病況是屬於早期或末期而定。
本文由「照護線上」授權轉載,原文出處:【青光眼來襲,多數沒自覺!正確診斷不只測眼壓,眼科醫師圖文解說】
*「照護線上」連結至https://www.careonline.com.tw
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