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血壓多少才OK?有什麼症狀?高血壓最基礎知識(圖解懶人包)
你常常會聽到「高血壓」這個病名。即使現在高血壓的盛行率很高,但更多患者並不習慣規則控制血壓,只要一量到血壓變高,就會說:「啊,剛剛可能太匆忙了」或「現在剛好比較緊張」等等解釋血壓變高的情境,總認為自己「血壓高只是暫時性的」,而沒把高血壓當成是需要注意的長期狀況。今天我們就來回歸最原始的情景,了解什麼是高血壓,以及為什麼大家需要注意血壓。
血壓
首先,什麼是血壓呢?古代常有戰爭,想要在戰爭中打敗騎兵隊,對手會將長矛指向奔跑的馬,企圖撂倒壯碩的馬。當馬兒倒下,隨後再補上一刀,拔出後人們注意到,血整個像噴泉般往上噴的好高。這時,人們就想到:「哇!血在體內流動,是有很大的力量的。」這就是大家注意到「血壓」的開始。
簡單來說,我們的血管裡有血液流動著,流動的血液對血管管壁就會產生壓力,而這個壓力就被稱為血壓。
高血壓
講到血壓,你可能會有印象大家會講到137/86 mmHg這樣的數字,還會聽到兩個名詞:「舒張壓」和「收縮壓」。究竟137代表收縮壓還是舒張壓呢?
收縮壓,就是代表「心臟收縮」時血管承受的壓力;而舒張壓是「心臟放鬆」時血管承受的壓力。因此,心臟收縮出力時,血管承受的壓力會比較大,因此收縮壓的數值是寫在前面,比較高的那個,所以137/86的血壓是指:收縮壓137毫米汞柱,後面那個數字則代表舒張壓86毫米汞柱。
目前認為正常的收縮壓是小於120毫米汞柱,舒張壓小於80毫米汞柱。寫在一起,紀錄為120/80毫米汞柱,是目前認為健康的血壓值。若是「高血壓」,就代表著血管承受著比平常人還要來的高的壓力。過去較多的高血壓標準設定在140/90mmHg,然而現在多數共識會將高血壓的標準下修到130/80mmHg。也就是說,血壓量起來超過130/80mmHg時,就算高血壓。
被誤解的高血壓
通常患者偶爾到醫院測量到超過130/80mmHg的血壓後,會說:「真的嗎?我怎麼不知道?」或「可是我都沒有什麼不舒服?高血壓不是會讓人頭痛嗎?」
嗯,這真的是個很常見的誤解。
第一,高血壓通常不會讓人有什麼樣的症狀,如果沒有測量,很少人會知道自己血壓高。
第二,頭痛雖然是可能是高血壓造成的,但還有很多其他原因會造成頭痛,不一定是血壓高。
第三,許多人都以為血壓高的時候應該出現頭痛、頭暈、肩頸痠痛等症狀,不過大多數的高血壓患者通常沒什麼感覺,高血壓就像悄悄蟄伏的「寧靜殺手」,一旦出事,病人往往非死即殘。
如果沒有控制血壓,會怎麼樣?
多數患者剛開始被診斷為高血壓時,會傾向拒絕承認高血壓是個問題,也拒絕改變生活型態來改善血壓,因此我們最好要先問問,萬一沒有控制血壓,身體會有什麼變化嗎?
想想看,所有的器官都需要血流經過才能運轉,但血流經過時若是帶有極高的壓力,那對器官是有好處的嗎?不會。就會像電壓過高會傷害電器,水壓過高會傷害管路那般,血壓過高就是會讓器官損傷,因此被忽略的高血壓會持續傷害身體各個器官,最終導致心臟衰竭、心肌梗塞、主動脈剝離、中風、視力變差、腎臟衰竭。
所以,若問:「為什麼需要控制血壓?」大家請務必記得,長期失控的血壓會導致身體多重器官受損,最後容易死在相關併發症。
現代人才有高血壓嗎?
許多人會以為「高血壓是現代醫學的騙局」,或問:「以前的人沒有高血壓嗎?」
嗯,應該這麼說,以前的人也會血壓高,只是過去大家還不懂高血壓會帶來一堆問題,因此沒有控制血壓的概念。
怎麼證實以前人也會血壓高呢?我們可以第二次世界大戰時的美國「小羅斯福」總統留下的血壓變化紀錄一窺究竟。小羅斯福第2次參選總統時是54歲,血壓162/98毫米汞柱;第3次任期時血壓為188/105毫米汞柱;到了第4度參選,小羅斯福的收縮壓已經衝破200毫米汞柱大關,大約都是維持200到240毫米汞柱之間,後來突然倒下時,收縮血壓衝破300毫米汞柱,是大片的腦出血中風,昏迷兩個多小時後死亡,身亡時63歲。
你可能會想:「這個血壓也太誇張了!竟然收縮壓平時都超過200毫米汞柱!身為美國總統竟然都不用控制血壓嗎?」其實,那時候的醫學觀念不一樣,大家以為高血壓是「自然的回饋機制」,身體老化後血壓就「必須」變得這麼高。因此在1940年代,許多人在40出頭血壓就極高,平時雖然沒有什麼症狀,但漸漸會因為心絞痛、心臟衰竭、中風、腎衰竭而住院,旋即喪命。小羅斯福即使是總統,仍舊走上這條因失控的高血壓而中風、器官衰竭的路。
直到後來,醫學臨床發現患者在血壓降下來之後,能大幅改善血尿、頭痛等症狀,大家才漸漸明白高血壓對於心臟、肝臟、腎臟、內分泌及神經系統的負面影響,才發現我們需要好好控制血壓,減少因為血管疾病死亡或傷殘的機會。
預防高血壓
生活中許多不健康的型態會讓人血壓變高,像是喜歡吃大魚大肉、油膩速食、或吃重鹹、醬料不停加。身體活動很少,經常久坐,或本身肥胖,血壓也會比較高。另外,抽菸、使用菸草、與過量飲酒都是高血壓的危險因子。
因此,想要預防高血壓,最好每周選個五天做運動,每天運動個30分鐘。平時採取健康飲食,盡量吃新鮮蔬菜、水果,以及少調味的新鮮原型食物,要限制鹽分和酒精的攝取量,不要抽菸,減少生活的壓力。
在改變生活型態後,血壓下降的程度若無法盡如人意,需要考慮用藥物控制血壓。平時務必定期監測血壓,才能知道自己的血壓狀況。可以看「高血壓的診斷和第一線治療用藥」與「診斷出高血壓,就得終身服藥嗎?」了解更多。
【本文由「照護線上」授權轉載,原文出處:血壓多少才OK?有什麼症狀?高血壓最基礎知識(圖解懶人包)】
*「照護線上」連結至https://www.careonline.com.tw
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