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下肢周邊動脈阻塞,介入治療、保養重點,專家圖解
「醫生,我先生整隻腳都很痛!」老太太指著躺在急診推床上的老先生說。
「痛多久了?」醫師問。
「應該已經有一段時間了,之前他只要走一點路就會抱怨腳痛,得坐下來休息才會好。」老太太說,「不過今天他卻連坐著不動都喊痛,所以我們趕緊送他來醫院。」
拉起老先生的褲管,可以看到整隻腳明顯有缺氧的現象,摸起來很冰冷,也感覺不到脈搏的跳動。成大醫院心臟內科李政翰醫師回憶,患者的下肢動脈顯然有阻塞,使血液循環受阻,需要儘快處理,否則大量組織將缺氧壞死。
進一步檢查發現老先生動脈阻塞的範圍相當長,從腹主動脈開始,一直延伸到大腿的血管,全部都塞住了。
「為了搶救他的腳,我們嘗試使用心導管的方式把動脈打通。由於阻塞的範圍很長,且完全阻塞,所以手術過程執行比較久,方法也比較特殊。」李政翰醫師解釋,「我們需要分別由從手腕及下肢打針,放入導管,然後一段一段的把完全阻塞的血管打通。當血管打通、血液循環恢復後,患者的疼痛跟著緩解,幾天後就順利出院了!」
什麼是下肢周邊動脈阻塞疾病?
李政翰醫師指出,下肢周邊動脈阻塞性疾病大多與年紀、老化有關,尤其年紀超過65歲,下肢周邊動脈阻塞的發生率就會上升;另外一些容易影響血管健康的問題,例如糖尿病、高血壓、高血脂、抽菸等,也都會增加下肢周邊動脈阻塞的風險。
下肢周邊動脈阻塞患者的動脈血管會逐漸變得狹窄,使血液循環變差,能夠通過的血流量越來越少。狹窄的動脈可能出現急性栓塞,導致血流完全中斷,下肢組織便會陷入極度缺氧的緊急狀態,倘若沒有及時打通血管,大量組織可能在幾個小時內壞死,嚴重程度可能導致截肢!
李政翰醫師說,「下肢周邊動脈阻塞初期沒有明顯症狀,因為大多數人的活動量沒有很大,如果只有日常生活的走動,即使血液循環較差,也還足以應付。但是對於活動量大的患者,譬如跑步、爬山,可能就會感到下肢比較容易痠、痛、或麻。」
隨著周邊動脈阻塞惡化,下肢的血流量越來越少,使患者容易感到腳麻、下肢冰冷,皮膚可能有脫毛的現象。當血流量無法提供足夠的氧氣時,患者將出現「間歇性跛行」,也就是走一段路之後下肢會痠、會痛,必須停下來休息,症狀才能夠緩解,可是只要繼續走路,症狀又會出現。
李政翰醫師說,動脈阻塞更嚴重的話,患者連坐著、躺著休息時,都會感到下肢痠痛,嚴重影響生活品質。由於血液循環太差,組織無法修復,患者下肢會出現難以癒合的慢性傷口,容易遭到感染,甚至末梢的趾頭會發紺、壞死。
「等到出現明顯症狀時,周邊動脈阻塞的狀況往往已經相當嚴重了。」李政翰醫師說,「所以我們會建議一些具有危險因子的患者,例如高血壓、糖尿病、高血脂、抽菸、家族史等,應定期接受篩檢,以便早期發現下肢周邊動脈阻塞的問題,才能積極治療。」
積極介入治療,暢通血管、恢復血流
李政翰醫師解釋,在藥物治療方面會針對血壓、血糖、血脂這三高去控制,必要時可以使用一些抗血小板的藥物,改善心血管疾病的風險。
若是患者已出現間歇性跛行、慢性傷口等狀況,建議要積極介入治療。李政翰醫師說明,目前的主流是經由導管去做血管攝影,確定動脈阻塞的部位後,利用氣球導管擴張,必要時會放置支架,維持動脈血管暢通。
在動脈內壁造成阻塞的大多是膽固醇斑塊,膽固醇斑塊有的軟、有的硬,使用氣球導管擴張能夠壓扁較軟的斑塊,至於一些比較硬的膽固醇斑塊,可考慮使用斑塊旋切裝置將鈣化的膽固醇斑塊刮除,以打通血管。
因為在接受治療後,周邊動脈可能會隨著時間又漸漸阻塞,李政翰醫師表示,為了降低周邊動脈再次阻塞的機會,有些球囊導管的表面會塗上藥物,在塗藥球囊擴張的當下,這些藥物會進入病變的血管壁中。根據臨床研究,在下肢周邊動脈阻塞患者使用塗藥球囊,跟沒有使用塗藥球囊的患者相比較,日後需要再次介入治療處理的機會能夠下降。
假使患者周邊動脈阻塞的部位、或阻塞的嚴重度,評估起來不太適合使用導管介入治療時,就會建議開刀做動脈繞道手術。
下肢周邊動脈阻塞保養重點
李政翰醫師提醒,周邊動脈阻塞患者請務必要把菸戒掉,並且按時服藥,將血壓、血脂、血糖控制達標,這樣不只能夠延緩周邊動脈阻塞惡化,也能減少中風、心臟病的風險。
在運動方面,沒有症狀的患者建議要維持每週3到4次,每次超過30分鐘的運動,運動強度可以跟一般人相同。至於已經出現較嚴重症狀的患者,雖然在走路或運動過程中,可能出現痠痛、間歇性跛行,還是鼓勵維持規律運動,因為有持續運動的刺激,有利於側枝循環的形成,對患者較有幫助。
如果您是屬於周邊動脈阻塞的高危險群,建議接受篩檢,才能即早發現,即早治療!
本文由「照護線上」授權轉載,原文出處:下肢周邊動脈阻塞,介入治療、保養重點,專家圖解】
*「照護線上」連結至https://www.careonline.com.tw
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